在英语语法中,有一类特殊的动词结构不需要使用"to"来引导不定式,这就是"不带to的不定式"。这种结构在日常交流和书面表达中极为常见,但却是许多英语学习者的难点和易错点。
不带to不定式(Bare Infinitive)是指动词原形直接使用,前面不加"to"的形式。它与完整不定式(to-infinitive)形成对比,通常在特定动词后使用。
| 类型 | 结构 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 不带to不定式 | 动词原形 | let him go |
| 带to不定式 | to + 动词原形 | want him to go |
使役动词(Causative Verbs)表示"让、使、叫"某人做某事的概念,主要包含三个核心动词:let, make, have。
结构: let + 宾语 + 动词原形
表示"允许某人做某事"或"让某事发生"。
| 例句 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|
| My parents let me stay up late on weekends. | 我父母允许我周末熬夜。 |
| Don't let the water run while brushing your teeth. | 刷牙时不要让水一直流。 |
| She let her hair down after work. | 下班后她放下头发(放松)。 |
注意: let的被动语态形式较为特殊,通常不使用"be let to do"结构,而是用"be allowed to do"替代。例如:主动态"He let me go"变为被动态应为"I was allowed to go"而不是"I was let to go"。
结构: make + 宾语 + 动词原形
表示"强迫某人做某事"或"使某人处于某种状态"。
| 例句 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|
| The teacher made us rewrite the entire essay. | 老师让我们重写整篇文章。 |
| That movie always makes me cry. | 那部电影总是让我哭。 |
| Her speech made everyone think deeply. | 她的演讲让每个人都深思。 |
重要区别: make用于被动语态时,需要恢复to不定式结构。例如:主动态"He made me clean the room"变为被动态应为"I was made to clean the room"(注意这里加了to)。
结构: have + 宾语 + 动词原形
表示"要求某人做某事"或"让某人完成某任务",通常带有安排或指示的意味。
| 例句 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|
| I'll have my assistant send you the documents. | 我会让我的助理把文件发给你。 |
| The manager had everyone attend the meeting. | 经理要求每个人都参加会议。 |
| She had the mechanic check her car yesterday. | 她昨天让机械师检查了她的车。 |
除了使役动词外,还有其他几种情况也需要使用不带to的不定式:
感官动词如see, watch, hear, feel等后面接宾语和不带to不定式,表示感知到动作的全过程。
| 例句 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|
| I saw him take the book from the shelf. | 我看见他从书架上拿了那本书。 |
| We heard her sing at the concert last night. | 我们昨晚听到她在音乐会上唱歌。 |
所有助动词(如will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must)后面都接动词原形。
| 例句 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|
| You should see a doctor about that cough. | 你应该找医生看看那个咳嗽。 |
| She can speak three languages fluently. | 她能流利地说三种语言。 |
一些固定短语如had better, would rather, rather than等后面接动词原形。
| 例句 | 中文释义 |
|---|---|
| You'd better finish your homework before going out. | 你最好在出门前完成作业。 |
| I'd rather stay home tonight. | 我今晚宁愿呆在家里。 |
学习不带to不定式时,中国学习者常犯以下几种错误:
| 错误示例 | 正确形式 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| My father made me to clean my room. | My father made me clean my room. | make后接不带to不定式 |
| She let her son to watch TV. | She let her son watch TV. | let后接不带to不定式 |
| I was made clean the room. | I was made to clean the room. | 被动语态中要恢复to |
为了帮助掌握这一语法点,以下提供一些练习题目:
练习1: 用正确的形式填空
1. The teacher made the student __________ (rewrite) the essay.
2. I heard her __________ (sing) in the shower this morning.
3. They let us __________ (leave) early yesterday.
4. She was made __________ (apologize) for her behavior.
练习2: 改正下列句子中的错误
1. My parents don't let me to stay out late.
2. The boss made his assistant to prepare the report.
3. I was let go early yesterday.
不带to不定式是英语语法中的一个重要但易错点,特别是使役动词let, make, have后的用法。要掌握这一语法点,建议:
英语语法学习需要理解和记忆相结合。不带to不定式的使用虽然有一定的规律可循,但最终需要通过大量实践才能自如运用。建议学习者在日常阅读中特别注意这些结构,并尝试在写作和口语中主动使用它们。
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